Ethernet Cable Types

Ethernet Cable Types, Performance & Pinout - Cat 5, 5e, 6, 6a, 7, 8

There are many Ethernet Cables that can be bought.Often these Cables are Supplied free with Equipment that uses Ethernet Connectivity in some way or another.
There are several Different varieties of Ethernet Cable that can be Obtained: speed variations, crossover Cables, Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat6, Cat 6a, Cat 7etc.

Normally Ethernet Cables will be bought and there is no major need to understand what is inside or on the connectors, although it can be both interesting and helpful on some occasions. Even so, an Understanding of the Different types of Ethernet Cable and the Maximum lengths that should be used is Helpful.

The commonly used Network Cables: Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a, Cat7 all have Different levels of Performance, and therefore to is Necessary to buy or select the right cable for the right Application. These Network Cables are used for Connecting a variety of Network Elements from Ethernet Switches and Ethernet Routers to Computers, Servers and other Network items - if there is an Ethernet interface, they can be connected using Ethernet cables.

Basics Ethernet Cable

    The Ethernet Cables for Connectivity in most office and home Environments rely on twisted wire pairs within an overall cable - Cat 5, Cat 6 & Cat 7 all used this format. Twisting the wires together Enables the currents to balance, i.e in one wire the current is moving in one direction, and int he other wire of the pair the current is going in the other, Enabling the overall fields around the twisted pair to cancel.

    As several twisted pairs are contained within a particular Network Cable, The number of twisted per unit length is arranged to be Different for each pair - the rate being based on prime numbers so that no two twists ever align. This reduces crosswalk within the Cable.
The Ethernet Cables are available in a variety of lengths as patch cables, or the cable itself is available for incorporating into systems, buildings, etc. The terminations can then be made to the required Connector using a crimp tool. These Network Cables are available in a variety of lengths - long Ethernet Cables are available, some of the longest being up to 75 Meters.
Earlier Network Cables were unshielded, but later ones were shielded to improve the performance. For example an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable may be satisfactory for a short run between a computer and router, but a foil shielded cable, FTP, is best longer runs or where the cable passes through areas of high electrical noise.

    There are Different methods that can be used for shielding Ethernet Cables. The most common is to place a shield around each twisted pair. This not only provides shielding for the cable externally, but also reduces crosswalk between the internal twisted pairs as well. Manufacturers can further enhance the performance by placing shielding around all the wires in the cable just under the cable sheath. There are different codes used to indicate the differs types of shielding:

Where: TP = Twisted pair, U = unshielded, F = foil shielded, S = Braided Shielding.

A further Difference within the Ethernet Cables whether Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, or Cat 7 can be whether solid or stranded wires are used within the cable. As the Description implies, a solid cable uses a single piece of copper for the electrical conductor within each wire of the cable whilst stranded wire uses a series of copper strands twisted together. Although when buying a patch cable, it may not be necessary to know this, when installing a long cable run it may be important as each type is slightly more suitable for Different Applications.

Ethernet cables Categories

1. Cat-1:  This is not Recognized by the TIA/EIA. It is the form of wiring that is used for standard telephone (POTS) wiring, or for ISDN.
2. Cat-2:  This is not Recognized by theTIA/EIA. It was the form of wiring that was used for 4Mbit/s token ring Networks.
3. Cat-3:  This Cable is Defined in TIA/EIA-568-B. It is used for data nNetworks Employing Frequencies up to 16 MHz. It was popular for use with 10 Mbps Ethernet Networks (100Base-T), but has now been Superseded by Cat-5 Cable.
   
   Unshielded    10 Mbps    16 MHz
   
4. Cat-4:  This cable is not Recognised by the TIA/EIA. However it can be used for Networks Carrying Frequencies up to 20 MHz. It was often used on 16MB token ring Networks.
5. Cat-5:  This is not Recognised by the TIA/EIA. This is the Network Cable that is widely used for 100Base-T and 1000Base-T Networks as it Provides Performance to allow data at 100 MB and slightly more (125 MHz for 1000Base-T) Ethernet. The Cat 5 cable superseded the Cat 3 version and for a Number of years it became the standard for Ethernet Cabling. Cat 5 cable is now obsolete and therefore it is not Recommended for new installations.
   
   Unshielded    10/100 Mbps    100 MHz
   

   

   
   
6. Cat-5e: This form of Cable is Recognized by the TIA/EIA and is Defined in TIA/EIA-568, being last revised in 2001. It has a slightly higher frequency Specification that Cat-5 Cable as the Performance extends up to 125 Mbps.Cat-5e can be used for 100Base-T and 1000Base-t (Gigabit Ethernet). Cat 5e standard for Cat 5 Enhanced and it is a form of Cat 5 cable Manufactured to higher Specifications although Physically the same as Cat 5. It is tested to a higher Specification to ensure it can perform at the higher data speeds. The twisted pairs within the Network Cables tend to have the same level of twisting as the Cat 5 Cables.
   
   Unshielded    1000 Mbps / 1 Gbps    100 MHz
   
   

   

   
   
7. Cat-6:  This Cable is Defined in TIA/EIA-568-B Provides a Significant improvement in Performance over Cat5 and Cat 5e. During manufacture Cat 6 cables are more tightly wound than either Cat 5 or Cat 5e and they often have an outer foil or braided shielding. The shielding Protects the twisted pairs of wires inside the Ethernet Cable, Helping to prevent crosswalk and noise interference. Cat-6 cables can technically support speeds up to 10 Gbps, but can only do so for up to 55 meters - even so this makes them relatively long Ethernet Cables.
   The Cat 6 Ethernet Cables Generally have 2+ twists per cm and some may include a nylon spline to reduce crosstalk, although this is not actually required by the standard.
   
   Shielded or Unshielded    1000 Mbps / 1 Gbps    >250 MHz
   

   

   
   
8. Cat-6a:  The “a” in Cat 6a stands for “Augmented” and the standard was revised in 2008. The Cat 6a Cables are able to support twice the maximum bandwidth, and are capable of maintaining Higher Transmission speeds over longer Network Cable lengths. Cat 6a cables utilize shielded which is sufficient to all but eliminate crosstalk. However this makes them less flexible than Cat 6 cable.
   
   Shielded    10000 Mbps / 10 Gbps    500 MHz
   

   

   
   
9. Cat-7:  This is an informal number for ISO/IEC 11801 Class F cabling. It Comprises four individually shielded pairs inside an overall shield. It is aimed at Applications where Transmission of Frequencies up to 600 Mbps is Required.
   
   Shielded    10000 Mbps / 10 Gbps    600 MHz
   

   

   
   
10. Cat-8:  These Cables are still in Development, but will be Released in the Foreseeable future to Provide further improvements in speed and general Performance.
    Further Descriptions of Cat-5 and Cat-5e Cables are given below as these are widely used for Ethernet Networking Applications today.